Effective physical methods for aflatoxin B₁ removal in food: A comprehensive review

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), a highly toxic metabolite produced by fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, is commonly found in agricultural products and poses serious risks to human and animal health. Addressing AFB₁ contamination has become a critical concern, with detoxification strategies spanning biological, chemical, and physical approaches. Among these, physical methods stand out for their simplicity, efficiency, and scalability, making them ideal for large-scale applications. This paper examines the current pollution levels and regulatory limits of AFB₁, with a focus on advancements in physical detoxification methods. It highlights techniques such as high-temperature heating and ultraviolet irradiation for AFB₁ degradation, alongside adsorption methods utilizing materials like activated carbon, montmorillonite, and metal-organic frameworks. Additionally, the review delves into the underlying mechanisms of these physical methods and assesses their practical effectiveness. This study underscores the potential of physical detoxification methods in mitigating AFB₁ contamination, while acknowledging challenges such as preserving food quality and optimizing efficiency. The insights aim to inspire further research and innovation, particularly in developing novel adsorbents and refining treatment processes. By addressing these challenges and integrating with other detoxification strategies, physical methods hold promise as a key solution for enhancing food safety and combating mycotoxin contamination worldwide.