Electrochemical activation of oxygen atom of SnO₂ to expedite efficient conversion reaction for alkaline-ion (Li⁺/Na⁺/K⁺) storages

SnO₂-based anode materials have attracted much attention due to high capacity and relatively mild voltage platforms. However, limited by low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and poor stability, its practical application is still challenging. Recently, it has been found that compositing carbon or metal particles with SnO₂ is an effective strategy to achieve high alkaline-ion storages. Although this strategy may improve the kinetics and ICE of the electrochemical reaction, the specific mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. In this work, we found that the invalidation SnO₂ may go through two steps: 1) the conversion process from SnO₂ to Sn and Li₂O; 2) the collapse of the electrode material resulted from huge volume changes during the alloyed Sn with alkaline ions. To address these issues, a unique robust Co-NC shell derived from ZIF-67 is introduced, in which the transited metallic Co nanoparticles could accelerate the decomposition of Sn−O and Li−O bonds, thus expedite the kinetics of conversion reaction. As a result, the SnO₂@Co-NC electrode achieves a more complete and efficient transfer between SnO₂ and Sn phases, possessing a potential to achieve high alkaline-ion (Li⁺/Na⁺/K⁺) storages.[Figure not available: see fulltext.].