Transparent, flame retardant and machinable cellulose/silica composite aerogels with nanoporous dual network for energy-efficient buildings

The envelope structure with high light transmittance accounts for an increasing proportion of building energy consumption, which is one of the shortcomings of energy conservation and emission reduction. Cellulose-based aerogel has become a research topic of interest because of its low thermal conductivity and good mechanical properties. However, most cellulose-based aerogels are opaque and flammable limiting their applications. Herein, cellulose/silica composite aerogels (CAS) with "organic–inorganic" structures were fabricated by two-step sol–gel method, spin-coating technique and supercritical CO₂ drying, using the ionic liquid 1-allyl 3-methylimidazolium chloride salt to dissolve the Cotton pulp, followed by the addition of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) co-precursors into the cellulose gels. The synthesis mechanism, microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of as-prepared aerogels samples were investigated. The obtained CAS have low density (0.093–0.170 g/cm³), high specific surface area (660.87–1089.70 m²/g), and high mechanical property (compressive strength of 18.74 MPa, tensile strength as high as 1.54 MPa, and bending tests above 500 times). In particular, the CAS4 shows the lowest thermal conductivity (0.0188 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹), good thermal stability (> 331 °C), high transparency (91.7%) and excellent flame retardancy. In addition, the self-designed aerogels glasses model was placed in a real outdoor environment for 5 h. The results showed that the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the aerogels glasses model was as high as 12 ℃ under the thermal equilibrium state. Thus, the as-prepared high-performance cellulose/silica composite aerogels may increase the role of aerogels glasses in the building envelope and have promising applications in transparent energy-efficient construction and thermal insulation.