Constructing reduced porous graphene oxide for tailoring mass-transfer channels in ultrathin MXene (Ti₃C₂T_x) membranes for efficient dye/salt separation

Two-dimensional (2D) membranes such as graphene oxide (GO) and MXene have attracted increasing interest in water purification. Critical challenges that impede their performance in separation applications include poor stability (swelling), low mass-transfer rate (high tortuosity), and an unavoidable trade-off between permeability and selectivity. Herein, we propose an effective multidimensional channel design strategy for preparing high-performance 2D composite membranes, featuring robust and abundant mass transfer channels. Specifically, reduced porous GO (rPGO) with high-density nanopores (size: ca. 14.7 nm, density: ca. 2.2 × 10¹⁴ m⁻²) and a few oxygen-containing functional groups were rationally designed and then deployed as multifunctional intercalators in MXene interlayers (rPGO-MXene, rPGM) to construct highly permeable, in-plane nanochannels and stable and tunable interlayer sieve channels. The intercalation of tailorable rPGO provides additional transport channels and weakens the interlayer repulsive hydration force, yielding composite membranes with remarkably enhanced water permeability and anti-swelling properties. As a result, the optimized membrane (10 % rPGM) exhibited an outstanding water permeability of 198.8 L m⁻²h⁻¹ bar⁻¹, 100 % rejection of Congo red, 5.3 % rejection of NaCl, and satisfactory stability (30 h) under cross-flow separation conditions. This study provides an innovative and facile approach for designing robust 2D membranes with abundant permeable nanochannels for highly efficient and precise molecular separation.