Performance of borosilicate glass/Ba₃(VO₄)₂ ceramic composites and chemical stability with Ag electrodes

In the present work, a systematic study on performance of borosilicate glass/Ba₃(VO₄)₂ ceramic composites synthesized by the traditional solid-state reaction method was conducted. Borosilicate glass is beneficial for reducing the sintering temperature of glass/Ba₃(VO₄)₂ ceramic composites below 900 °C due to the formation of a liquid phase. The ceramic composites with 35 %∼40 % Ba₃(VO₄)₂ can effectively adjust the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ_f) to approximately 0. The diffusion activation energy (Q_Ag) increases from 113.92 kJ/mol to 185 kJ/mol, as Ba₃(VO₄)₂ content increases from 0 to 40 % in the ceramic composites. A 0.65 borosilicate glass-0.35Ba₃(VO₄)₂ ceramic composite possesses excellent properties including an ε_r of 8.66, Q × f value of 20,338 GHz, the largest volume resistivity of 5.1 × 10¹³ Ω·cm and a flexural strength of 259 MPa. Ag exists only in the zero-valence state in the ceramic composite, and Ba₃(VO₄)₂ ceramic can block the diffusion channels and increase the barrier to the movement of Ag ions.