Second Near-Infrared Region Chemiluminescent Theranostics: Opportunities and Challenges

Conventional phototheranostics face significant hurdles, including shallow excitation light penetration and interference from background autofluorescence, limiting their clinical potential. In contrast, second near-infrared region (NIR-II) chemiluminescent theranostics have recently emerged as a groundbreaking innovation in biomedical realms, seamlessly combining deep-penetrating NIR-II bioimaging/therapy with the unique advantages of chemiluminescence. This promising approach offers new possibilities for precision diagnostics and treatment. Nonetheless, challenges such as enhancing chemiluminescent efficiency, ensuring reagent stability, improving biosafety, and advancing clinical translation remain formidable barriers. This review delves into the latest advancements in designing smart NIR-II chemiluminescent systems, with a spotlight on their biomedical applications. With the increasing prevalence of NIR-II chemiluminescent biomaterials, it is essential to explore their underlying mechanisms, highlight key research breakthroughs, and address existing challenges, aiming to inspire innovation and provide a solid foundation for future developments in this transformative field.