Understanding and research progress on the initial coulombic efficiency of silicon-based anodes in lithium-ion batteries

Developing high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries is crucial to meet the increasingly demanding energy storage requirements. The initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) is directly related to the loading of the cathode in the full cell and is a key parameter for improving the energy density of the battery. Silicon-based anode materials, due to their high theoretical capacity and natural abundance, are considered advanced alternatives to graphite anodes. However, major challenges such as short cycle life and low Coulombic efficiency significantly hinder their practical application. This paper analyzes the reasons for the low ICE of silicon-based anodes and summarizes the recent progress in effective strategies to enhance ICE, including electrode material design, optimization of binders and electrolytes, and prelithiation. Finally, we highlight the challenges and issues associated with methods to enhance ICE, aiming to further improve ICE and develop batteries with higher energy density.