Surface treatment of LLDPE and LDPE blends by nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and chromic acid etching

Surface treatment of linear low density polyethylene and low density polyethylene blends is investigated herein using nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and chromic acid. These chemical treatments not only make the surface rough but also introduce polar groups. A new method, "sulfonic groups inedex'" (SI) is employed to quantify the newly generated polar groups in the wave number of 1,250-840 cm^-1 in the Fourier transform infrared spectra. The SI values effectively indicate that the most polar groups are incorporated into the chromic acid-etched samples among the three inorganic acids, which is also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and roughness tests. Besides, annealing treatment can enhance the crystallinity X_c of all etched samples which plays a predominant role in the increase of roughness within 2 h. As etching time increases, chain scission and destruction of amorphous parts happen and roughness increases a lot for chromic acid-treated samples, but for sulfuric acid- and nitric acid-treated samples, the destruction of amorphous parts may not happen so that the roughness has not many changes.