Emerging organic electrode materials for aqueous proton batteries

Rechargeable aqueous proton batteries (APBs) based on organic electrode materials (OEMs) offer great promise for their excellent safety, high power density, and long-life electrochemical performance due to fast proton diffusion kinetics in the electrodes and aqueous electrolytes. However, they still face enormous challenges before they can be widely used in practice. In this work, we overview the historical development of OEM-based APBs, exploring the rational design of electrolytes and modification strategies of OEMs for secure proton-storage capability and rapid transfer kinetics. Additionally, the advanced material characterization of OEMs is reviewed to study the working mechanism during the proton uptake/removal process. This work could facilitate further development of OEM-based APBs for large-scale applications.